# Ipamorelin References: The Cited Literature in Full

> Ipamorelin references — every study cited across this digest, with authors, journals, DOIs and PubMed links, from the 1998 characterization to the 2024 ferret study.

Every source behind every figure in this digest, listed in full.

## About this list

These are the ipamorelin references cited throughout the digest, numbered as they appear in the text. The list spans the founding 1998 pharmacology paper, the 1999 human pharmacokinetic study, the 2014 failed Phase 2 trial, the rodent bone and body-composition work, the 2024 ferret study, and the class-level combination evidence drawn from ipamorelin's chemical relatives. Where a study used a relative rather than ipamorelin itself, the text that cites it says so. Each entry carries a DOI or PubMed link so any claim can be traced to its source.

## References

[1] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. European Journal of Endocrinology. 1998;139(5):552-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
[2] Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharmaceutical Research. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/
[3] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/
[4] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[5] Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiology & Behavior. 2024;284:114644. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043357/
[6] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. International Journal of Toxicology. 2015;34(2):151-161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/
[7] Massoud AF, et al. Interaction of the growth hormone releasing peptide hexarelin with somatostatin. Clinical Endocrinology. 1997;47:537-547. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.3121128.x
[8] Yagi H, et al. Effect of intravenous or intracerebroventricular injections of His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 on GH release in conscious, freely moving male rats. Neuroendocrinology. 1996;63:198-206. https://doi.org/10.1159/000126958
[9] Bercu BB, et al. Role of selected endogenous peptides in growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide activity: analysis of growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyroid hormone-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology. 1992;130:2579-2586. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.130.5.1315249
[10] Fintini D, et al. Effects of combined long-term treatment with a growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue and a growth hormone secretagogue in the growth hormone-releasing hormone knock out mouse. Neuroendocrinology. 2005;82:198-207. https://doi.org/10.1159/000092520
[11] Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006;91(3):799-805. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/
[12] Camanni F, et al. Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 1998;19:47-72. https://doi.org/10.1006/frne.1997.0158
[13] Norman C, et al. Estradiol regulates GH-releasing peptide's interactions with GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin in postmenopausal women. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2014;170:121-129. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje-13-0733
[14] Devesa J, et al. The Complex World of Regulation of Pituitary Growth Hormone Secretion: The Role of Ghrelin, Klotho, and Nesfatins in It. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021;12:636403. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.636403
[15] Rico M, et al. Effect of growth hormone-releasing peptide 1-6 on GH secretion stimulated by GHRH and pyridostigmine in lambs. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry. 1998;54:67-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9858126/
[16] Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL. Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001;280(1):132-138. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11162489/
[17] Lawrence CB, Snape AC, Baudoin FM, Luckman SM. Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology. 2002;143(1):155-162. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751604/
[18] Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 2004;25(6):403-406. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665799/

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A vetted, combination-stacks-first reading of the ipamorelin record — the selective GH pulse and the CJC-1295 pairing examined in measured detail, ipamorelin's own studies kept distinct from its chemical relatives, and the popular protocols held to the trial that was never run on them; no clinic behind the name, no seller endorsed, and nothing here dosed, prescribed, or sold.